Archaeological Evidence Favors Biblical Record

The archaeological evidence continues to provide support for the Bible, refuting claims by liberal scholars.

For decades, now, liberal scholars have loudly and publically asserted as fact the Bible can not be as old as it claims. When will liberal scholars accept that proving a negative is not only illogical but makes them look less than intelligent? This discovery would silence a reasonable person, so I doubt it will silence liberal scholars.

Pottery shard indicates Old Testament far older than liberal scholars thought.

The God Particle

The God Particle is the nickname given to a theorized sub-atomic particle called the Higgs Boson particle, or simply the Higgs particle. The nickname comes from the premise the particle is the source of all mass, or weight, in the Universe.

All matter has the property of mass - you, me, dogs, atoms, sub-atomic particles, etc. The Higgs particle explains WHY all matter has mass.

Actually, the Higgs particle carries a field that gives mass to all matter. The field permeates EVERYTHING and exists EVERYWHERE. Think of a Jedi night in Star Wars as a carrier of the force. The Higgs particle is the carrier for the Higgs field.

As objects (me, you, cars, airplanes, sub-atomic particles, etc) move through the Higgs field, resistance is encountered. Resistance to the Higgs force produces mass and weight. Objects that have little resistance to the Higgs force have smaller mass and weight. For example, the photon, a particle of light, offers no resistance to the Higgs force and thus, has zero mass and weight. Objects like you and I have mass and weight because we cause resistance in the field.

The Higgs particle is essential to the standard model of physics which posits that everything in the Universe can be explained from twelve basic building blocks called fundamental particles that are governed by four fundamental forces (except for gravity which Einstein posited in his general theory of relativity is NOT the result of a particle carrying a field).

The problem is that no one has ever discovered a Higgs particle. Hopes are high, however, the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider on Geneva will locate the Higgs Boson particle which would confirm the standard model of physics.

Why should you care?

The issue is that the standard model of physics fails to explain mass. If the Higgs particle is not discovered the standard model of physics will need to be rewritten. Yikes!

The discovery has the potential to be the greatest scientific discovery of the century leading to a unified theory of everything or the greatest scientific mistake. The entire world of physics waits with eager anticipation.

For those desiring to know more, check out:
http://www.school-for-champions.com/Science/matter.htm
http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/Science/StandardModel-en.html
http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/LHC-en.html
http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Higgs-en.html
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1729139,00.html
http://www.aei.mpg.de/einsteinOnline/en/elementary/generalRT/GeomGravity/index.html

The Science of Reasoning

Reasoning is an inherent, natural function of the brain. Therefore, to reason about reality is natural. The question is not, “Do we reason?” but, “Does our reasoning lead to us closer to or further from reality?”

I believe a reality exists independently of what I believe about it and while I don’t believe reality is comprehensively known or understood, we know enough to make statements about it. Consider these statements of reality:

• The world is round (even if I believe it is flat)
• 2+2=4 (even if I can't add)
• The planets in our solar system revolve around the sun (even if I don't exist)
• The sun rises in the east and sets in the west (even if I’m blind)
• The earth orbits the sun (even though it seems as if the sun moves around the earth)

The statements above also reveal important characteristics about the nature of reality:

• Reality is independent of belief
• Reality is universal (2+2=4 is the same for everyone, even if they can’t add)
• Reality is not subjective – people don’t define it
• Reality is not contradictory – 2+2 will always equal 4
• Reality is discovered – not invented

Statements about reality are considered true when they agree with the nature of reality, or stated another way, when they don’t contradict the nature of reality. Truth, according to this definition, must correspond with reality.

Reasoning is the process of determining truth. Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning. Author of several books on logic and mathematics, Irving M. Copi wrote, "The distinction between correct and incorrect reasoning is the central problem with which logic deals."

Put more simply, logic is the science of reasoning.

Still, even our best logic won’t guarantee we will arrive at truth. History provides many examples of beliefs we thought we true, but, later, turned out to be wrong. Nevertheless, by ensuring our logic is correct, I believe we are more likely to get closer to the truth than with incorrect logic.

Reasoning can be deductive or inductive. In a deductive reasoning, a claim is made that is supported by statements which are either true or false. For example, the claim that the Greek Philosopher Socrates was a mortal might be supported in the following manner:

All humans are mortal.
Socrates was a human.
Therefore, Socrates was mortal.

An argument is truth claim supported by collection of true/false statements.

Deductive arguments can be valid or invalid. This is important to understand because deductive arguments can be valid but untrue. For example:

All humans have 3 legs.
Roy is a human.
Therefore, Roy has 3 legs.

The reasoning above has a valid form but the statement that all humans have 3 legs make the conclusion false.

Negating any of the deductive argument’s premises make the entire argument false. On the other hand, if all the statements are true, and the form is valid, as in the Socrates example, then the conclusion is certain and becomes a true statement about reality.

A deductive argument made popular by Dr. William Lane Craig for the existence of God goes as follows:

Whatever begins to exist has a cause.
The universe began to exist.
Therefore, the universe requires a cause.

From the argument above, we can claim Universe must have been caused by a Transcendent Creator.

Deductive reasoning uses general facts to make a specific truth claim.

Sometimes, not all the facts about reality are known or even can be known. In this case, we examine what we do know and make a statement that is probably, but not certainly true.

An inductive argument uses specific facts to make a general truth claim.

For example:

Complexity implies a designer.
The universe is highly complex.
Therefore, the universe probably has a designer

Unlike the deductive argument, in an inductive argument, the statements provide support for the conclusion, but the conclusion doesn't necessarily follow. Inductive arguments are never certain, but evaluated as better or worse based on the strength of their propositions.

Science is based on inductive reasoning.

In summary, reasoning is a skill that can be learned and involves using the Laws of Thought as a foundation to construct a worldview composed of beliefs, opinions and images that are justified by deductive and inductive reasoning.

Was Mary a Virgin?

Recently, I was asked if I believed Mary, the mother of Jesus, was a virgin. My response was, "Yes!" While I realize the Bible contains allegory and metaphor, in this case, this is not one of them.
From the beginning, the Christian Church has accepted Mary's viginity as historical fact. Even today. he Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, most traditonal Protestant groups believe Jesus Christ was conceived in Mary's womb by the influence of the Holy Spirit and not a man.

Why? Because the authors of scripture stated it Mary was a Virgin:

• The Apostle Luke records Mary's own words, "How can this be, since I am a virgin?"

Note: The Greek words used for virgin, anēr, ou, and ginōskō translate to: a betrothed person who has not had sexual intercourse.

• Isaiah 7:14; Matthew 1:23; Luke 1:27, all refer to Mary as a virgin.

Moreoever, Luke emphasizes the Holy Spirit is the father - not a man. Matthew says it twice in Matthew 1:18 and Matthew 1:20.

Furthermore, Matthew 1:25 says, "He had no relations with her until she bore a son, and he named him Jesus." He is Joseph and her is Mary. Restated, Joseph, did not have sexual relations with Mary, until she bore a son and mamed him Jesus."

The meaning of scripture is crystal clear. Joseph and Mary did not have sexual relations until after Jesus was born.

What about the charge that the early Church knew Mary was not a virgin but developed it over time?

In addition to the ancient Biblical manuscripts, an analysis of historical Church documents reveal the following:

1. According to the Protoevangelium of James, written around 120 AD, Joseph "wept bitterly" and when he discovered Mary was pregnant and charged her with infidelity. By law, Joseph was required to reported her condition to the temple authorities, but when he did, they thought the couple had married in secret and even accused Joseph of lying and defiling Mary's purity.

2. Tertullian, a Church Partriarch wrote 213 AD, “And indeed it was a virgin, about to marry once for all after her delivery, who gave birth to Christ, in order that each title of sanctity might be fulfilled in Christ's parentage, by means of a mother who was both virgin, and wife of one husband.”

3. John Chrysostom, in Homily 5 on on Matthew, (370 AD) informs us, "before the birth the Virgin was wholly untouched by man."

4. The Creed of Epiphanius states Jesus "was conceived perfectly through the Holy Ghost of the holy ever-virgin Mary..."

5. Jerome, arguing against Helvidius, wrote, "I must call upon the Holy Spirit to express His meaning by my mouth and defend the virginity of the Blessed Mary."

Additionally, Church patriarchs considered the contrary premise that Mary was not a virgin to be madness and heresy:

•"madness and blasphemy" by Gennadius (De dogm. eccl., lxix),
•"madness" by Origen (in Luc., h, vii),
•"sacrilege" by St. Ambrose (De instit. virg., V, xxxv),
•"impiety and smacking of atheism" by Philostorgius (VI, 2),
•"perfidy" by St. Bede (hom. v, and xxii),
•"full of blasphemies" by the author of Prædestin. (i, 84),
•"perfidy of the Jews" by Pope Siricius (ep. ix, 3),
•"heresy" by St. Augustine (De Hær. h., lvi).

So, despite the assertion of some the the belief in Mary's virginity developed over time has no basis in reality. The Early Church certainly believed Mary was a virgin from the beginning.

But, what about the charge by Richard Dawkins and others that English Bibles have mistranslated "young woman" into virgin? Is that true?

No. Just as in English, the context needs to be analyzed.

Consider the text from Matthew which is a quote from Isaiah 7:14:

"BEHOLD, THE VIRGIN SHALL BE WITH CHILD AND SHALL BEAR A SON, AND THEY SHALL CALL HIS NAME IMMANUEL," which translated means, "GOD WITH US."

The Hebrew word Isaiah used for the word "virgin" is almah which some argue means "young woman.” The agument Dawkins and others assert rests solely on another word, bethulah which they claim claim would have been used for virgin instead of almah if the author actually meant "virgin" and not "young woman."

However, they haven't done their homework. Consider the usage of the word from a word search in the Blue Letter Bible for almah:

1.Genesis 24:43 uses the word almah to refer to Rebekah, who would become the Isaac's wife. However, in verse 16, she is referrred to as bethulah, a virgin.

2.In Exodus 2:8, almah is used in reference to Miriam, Moses's older sister, but still a very young girl who is certainly a virgin.

3. Song of Solomon 6:8 contrasts queens, concubines and maidens (almah), indicating these particular maidens have not been with men.

Thus, while it's true almah can simply mean "young woman", it can ALSO mean "young virgin woman" depending on the context.

Moreover, the Hebrew word elem is the masculine form of almah. For example, in 1 Samuel 17:56 it is used to refer to David, the youth who had just killed Goliath. When you consider the strong taboos against pre-marital sex in the Hebrew community, David was certainly a teen aged virgin.

Therefore, the Hebrew word elem irefers to a young man who does not yet have a woman (wife) and almah is a young woman who does not yet have a man (husband). Both are virgins in the classical meaning of the word.

Old Testament scholar and Hebrew instructor R. Laird Harris, in the Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, wrote: "There is no instance where it can be proved that alma designates a young woman who is not a virgin.”

In fact, Martin Luther argued almah is more appropriate in the context of Isaiah than bethulah:

"...almah is even more appropriate here than bethulah. It is also more precise to say, "Behold, a maiden is with child," than to say, "A virgin is with child." For "virgin" is an all-embracing term which might also be applied to a woman of fifty or sixty who is no longer capable of childbearing. But "maiden" denotes specifically a young woman, nubile, capable of childbearing, but still a virgin; it includes not only the virginity, but also the youthfulness and the potential for childbearing."

The evidence from the Bible, from Chuch history and Jewish culture is overwhelming. Almah means "young female virgin of marriageable age" and, hence, Mary was indeed a vigin. Reason demands it.

Why is it important that Mary was a virgin?
Because Jesus was born without a sin nature. Otherwise, he would not have qualified as the perfect sacrifice and humanity would still be separated from God without hope of reconciliation.

Why didn't Jesus inherit sin from Mary?
Because sin is inherited from fathers, not mothers. The virgin birth circumvented the transmission of the sin nature and allowed the eternal God to become a perfect man.

What about the curse God made that no ancestor of Jehoiakim (David's ancestor) would rule on David's throne? Doesn't the Bible indicate Jesus assumes David's throne and is an ancestor of David?
If Joseph had been Jesus’ father, he would have been disqualified from assuming David’s throne. However, since he was not and Mary also descended from David through Nathan, another son of David, Jesus was a legitimate heir. Nathan's lineage was not cursed.

Atheists Arguments are Irrational

Atheists Arguments are irrational for several reasons.

1. Inductive reasoning is uncertain.
Inductive reasoning assumes a general conclusion based on specific facts or patterns. Scientists use inductive reasoning as the basis for building theories. Experiments yield results which are used to create theories that explain the results and allows for prediction of future knowledge.

Here's the problem: inductive reasoning is uncertain (yes, the implication is that science is also uncertain. gasp!)

For example, for centuries, the mainstream scholarly opinion was that black swans did not exist. Much of the world had been discovered and no evidence for black swans had been found. Thus, they inductively reasoned:

No evidence for the existence of black swans exist.
Therefore, all swans are black.

Imagine their shock when black swans were discovered in Australia in the 17th century! The discovery of black swans should have taught us to be wary of making universal assumptions and underestimating what we don't know.

Sadly, it didn't. When atheists state, "There is no God" they are engaging in same inductive based reasoning as their black swan predecessors:

No evidence for the existence of God exists.
Therefore, God does not exist.

People who insist on evidence alone for their beliefs are known as logical empiricists (aka logical positivists).

2. Logical Positivism is irrational.
Logical empiricists places high value on evidence as a confirmation for knowledge. They insist on the principle of verifiability meaning that only knowledge that can be proven true or false - by the evidence - is meaningful. In other words, empirical verifiability is the ultimate truth standard and any possibility not represented by the evidence is rejected out of hand.

I've often heard logical empiricists state with great pomp, "I have no beliefs! Only facts as proven by the evidence!"

Yet, despite their belief in the truth of their own statement, sustaining a logical empiricist position is difficult, if not impossible, since it is based on inductive reasoning and, hence, uncertainty and assumption.

Logical empiricists don't seem to understand that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.

Moreover, logical positivism is self-contradictory. Since the principle of verifiability itself cannot be emperically proven true or false by means of experience, then, logical positivism can not be meaningful either.

For these and other reasons logical empiricism has been replaced by other philosophical methodologies despite the fact that academics - especially the sciences - still teach this weak approach. In my opinion, , it has lead many a young and brilliant mind astray.

In its attempt to produce free thinkers, academia has unwittingly produced limited thinkers.

3. Biased Interpretation
A person who is limited in their thinking is biased in their interpretation of the evidence. Many limited thinkers believe they are unbiased, but, in reality, they are anything but.

Consider this statement by Richard Dawkins:

"You cannot be both sane and well educated and disbelieve in evolution. The evidence is so strong that any sane, educated person has got to believe in evolution."

See what I mean? Dawkins sets up a false dilemma (a logical fallacy, by the way) that limits the conclusion to one of two possible outcomes: Believe in evolution or risk insanity and ignorance. Because he can imagine no other scenario, Dawkins goes on to say:

"Now there are plenty of sane, educated, religious people: there are professors of theology, and there are bishops ... and so obviously they all believe in evolution or they wouldn't have gotten where they have because they would be too stupid or too ignorant. So, it is a fact that there are evolutionists who are religious and there are religious people who are evolutionists."

It's this kind of constrained reasoning that lead me away from logical positivism taught in school, to support a different methodology based on skeptical empiricism meaning that theories resulting from experiments are just one of possbily several interpretations of the evidence and is not exhaustive of all other possibilities.

For example, the arguments from natural theology, in my mind, make a far more compelling case for the Universe's existence brought about by a Supreme Rational Mind than mere random chance as atheists promote. Could my interpretation be incorrect? Of course. But, I certainly don't constrain or force my reasoning to fit my bias and I don't make statements like:

"You cannot be both sane and well educated and disbelieve in God. The evidence is so strong that any sane, educated person has got to believe in God."

I realize that people can be both educated and sane, yet, still disbelieve in God.

Conclusion
If anything my bias for clear and rational thinking biases me against atheism. As as student of logic, I can't and won't allow myself to to erect a worldview based on the uncertainly of inductive reasoning. I'm not saying that that inductive reasoning is inherently flawed and leads to bad thinking. On the contrary, inductive reasoning has lead to advances in medicine, technology, and science.

Inductive logic can be a very good thing.

What I am saying is that we need to be critical of our thinking processes to mitigate the slide into logical empiricism and biased interpretation which can and does happen as evidenced by the intellectual weakness of the atheistic position. In my opinion, atheism is an illogical position to maintain.

Another Reason to Suspect God Exists

Density is defined as a material's mass unit per volume, or the ratio (concentration) of matter contained in a given volume. For most liquids, freezing decreases mass and increases density causing it to become smaller and heavier.

Not so with water.

When water freezes, a crystallized lattice (like a web) of hydrogen-bonded molecules forms that contains more open spaces than liquid water causing the structure to expand and become less dense than liquid water.

That's why ice cubes float in a glass of water and water freezes from the top down. It's also why freezing sea water produces drinkable water - the salt in the water won't crystallize.

Think about the effect on life if water behaved like other liquids.

- Temperatures on islands and other land masses surrounded by water would not have stabilized.

- Even the temperature of the human body would not have stablized.

- Lakes and oceans would freeze all they life they contain, ultimately affecting the oxygen levels in the atmosphere.

In short, if the molecular properties of water were just slightly different, life as we know it would not have formed and survived.

For me, it seems highly unlikely that water's unique chemical properties that are necessary for life would have developed by mere chance. It's far more reasonable to believe a rational mind gave water it's unique properties to support our particular form of life.

BioLogos

Dr. Francis Collins - remember him? He's the former director of the Human Genome Project . Recently Collins launched his web site, BioLogos, to harmonize science and spirituality. 

 

"BioLogos is led by a team of believing scientists who are committed to promoting a perspective of both theological and scientific soundness, which takes seriously the claims of theism and of evolution, and finds compelling evidence for their compatibility."

 

Like Antony Flew, the "worlds most notorious atheist", Collins bases his theism on the evidence from science and in his book, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief, Collins recounts his transition from atheism to Christianity.

 

Collins believes God used evolution to as the mechanism to create life.

 

Not surprisingly, Collins is often criticized by members of the two camps he is attempting to harmonize. Still, his website deserves a look no matter where you stand in the debate....and it IS a debate which neither side can end conclusively. Like me, Collins has examined the scientific data model and inducted that God is the best explanation for the evidence. You'll need to decide for yourself, of course, but, for intellectual honesty, at least examine his reasons before rejecting them out of hand.

Incidentally, Check out this debate in Time Magazine between Collins and Richard Dawkins. In his closing statement, Dawkins says, " If there is a God, it's going to be a whole lot bigger and a whole lot more incomprehensible than anything that any theologian of any religion has ever proposed."  To which I say, precisely, Dr. Dawkins! God exists apart from and is completely incomprehensible by humanity. Moreover, If it weren't for God's specific manifestation in the physical form of Jesus the Nazarene, humanity would be forever separated from and ignorant of God's personal nature.

Assumptions about RNA Formation

The May 14 issue of Nature reports that scientists, for the first time, have created a building block of RNA (believed by some to be a precursor to DNA) from simple chemicals in an environment that modeled the conditions of early Earth.

 

According to the researchers, the experiment strengthens the RNA World hypothesis which theorizes RNA was the chemical basis for the self-organized structures that led to the formation of the cell.

 

Until now, or so the researchers argue, nobody has demonstrated that RNA could even form in earth's early environment. That's a big problem for RNA World proponents.

 

But does the research actually support their assertion? I say no.

First, the experiment was riddled with John Sutherland's assumptions about the conditions of early life on earth (his words, not mine) and the subsequent chemical reactionary chain that lead from RNA to cells.

Donna Blackmond, a chemist at Imperial College London and a proponent, even admitted, "We don't know if these chemical steps reflect what actually happened, but before this work there were large doubts that it could happen at all."

Robert Shapiro, professor emeritus of chemistry at New York University, believes the experiment was "elegant", but, "it had nothing to do with the origin of life on Earth whatsoever."

And, regarding the sequence of steps Sutherland and his team used to produce the results, James Ferris, of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, said "It’s not as simple as putting compounds in a beaker and mixing it up. It’s a series of steps. You still have to stop and purify and then do the next step, and that probably didn’t happen in the ancient world.”

Second. The experiment was biased! Why hasn't anyone in the scientific community pointed this out? Sutherland even admits his goal - his goal!!! - is "to get a living system (RNA) emerging from a one-pot experiment. We can pull this off. We just need to know what the constraints on the conditions are first."

Aren't self-organzing chemicals and structures supposed to occur spontaneously? Scientific objectivity? What's that? I completely believe he will achieve his goal because he will contrive the conditions and the experiment, to make it so. But that will explain nothing about the actual, natural origins of life in pre-biotic earth.

At best, Sutherland's team described a possible chemical sequence - insight - in which a building block of life emerged, but not life itself.  

Nevertheless, a true believer, and despite his admission that his is only a related chemistry, Sutherland demonstrates his faith is firmly planted in his assumptions, based on speculation when he says:

 “It’s related chemistry,” Sutherland says. “That’s how it must have been in the very beginning — a series of fundamental reactions that could make all four types of RNA molecule.”

 Yeah, it MUST have been that way in the very beginning.

Sutherland's absolute faith in his own assumptions demonstrates he is just as committed to his religion as theists are to theirs. 

Is Faith Blind?

Is it possible to establish a foundation of certainty on which we can erect a belief structure that is not based on blind faith?

 

Yes, but one must begin with the most basic truth that is intuitively provable and undeniably certain discovered by the French philosopher René Descartes. It was Descartes  who said "I think, therefore, I am". We've all heard this famous quote, but, how many realize the significance of his statement?

 

Descartes proved the existence of self is impossible to doubt because the mere act of thinking about something - anything, regardless of its truth value - necessarily implies there must be something engaged in that activity, namely an “I.”  Even the act of self-doubt proves that something exists to doubt its own existence. And, since this conclusion derives not from sensory input nor does it depend on the reality of an external world, it serves as a self-evident truth, an axiom, from which other truths can be determined or inferred.

 

The existence of self, then, becomes the foundation of certainty on which a belief structure can be erected. 
 

Moreover, the certainty of my existence implies that at least one absolute truth exists. How do I know this? Because the statement, "Truth does not exist" is necessarily false since it does not agree with the fact (or the reality) of my existence.

 

If nothing else, for something to be true, it must agree with reality.

 

Moreover, when I consider other facts about reality:

• The world is round (even if I believe it is flat)
• 2+2=4 (even if I can't add)
• The planets in our solar system revolve around the sun (even if I don't exist)

several things about the nature of truth emerge. Namely:

• Truth is independent of belief
• Truth is universal (2+2=4 is the same for everyone)
• Truth exists even if I do not

Additionally, there's something else I've discovered about truth - it doesn't contradict itself. The claim, "There is no truth" will always be false because if it were true, the claim would be simultaneously false, and therefore, self-refuting.

 

Self-refuting statements are the most common error people make with logic.

 

Consider these additional truth claims that are self-refuting:

• All truth is relative (except this statement which is absolutely true)
• It's wrong to judge the moral beliefs and behaviors of others (except the moral judgment of this statement)
• Only that which is testable by science can be true (despite the fact this statement is not testable by science)
• I am lying now  (which, if true, means I'm not lying)

These statements reveal that truth must be self-consistent.

 

So, summarizing what I know about truth:

 

1. It exists.
2. It must correspond to reality
3. Must be self-consistent

4. Independent of belief
5. Universal
6. Absolute
7. Discoverable
8. Understandable

 

Equipped with this knowledge about the nature of truth an belief structure can be erected to answer questions like:

 

1. Does my existence have an origin?

2. Does my existence have meaning?

3. Does my existence have purpose?

 

Answering these questions leads to broader questions such as:

 

1. Does the Universe have an origin?

2. Does the Universe have a purpose?

3. Does God exist and, if so, how can I know him and what role does he play in human affairs, if any?

 

As we seek these answers we form beliefs. Beliefs are important because they shape our behavior, attitudes, and perceptions - even our identities. In fact, I argue they are intrinsic to the human mind because nobody is born knowing everything (omniscience) and since we don't belong to a collective mental hive (think Borg), our minds have no choice but to form hypotheses and assumptions about our experiences in our environment. We simply can't help it! Our brains seem hard-wired for making inferences!  

 

However, we should strive to develop a belief model that provides the most thorough explanation of the Universe based on the nature of truth as described above. Some aspects of this model will be based on certainty (like our self-existence) but the rest must be filled in by that which corresponds the closet to reality. In other words, the one which most throughly provides the answers to the questions I posed.

 

Thus, armed with the certainty of our existence and the knowledge of the nature of truth, it is indeed possible to erect a belief structure, a worldview, if you will, that is based not on blind faith, but on confident, cogent faith.

Scientific Integrity

I disagree with Nobel Prize winner James Watson who said, "“Today, the theory of evolution is an accepted fact for everyone but a fundamentalist minority, whose objections are based not on reasoning but on doctrinaire adherence to religious principles.”

While I believe it is the duty of all scientifically educated people to promote and encourage the use of science as a valid means of investigating the natural universe. I also believe it is incumbent upon the same to remember the philosophical underpinnings of the scientific method.

Failure to do so will promote science as an ideology - scientism - which I vehemently oppose.

Scientific theories are ultimately based on an inductive interpretation of a data model obtained through experimentation, and therefore, not based on certitude. To promote any scientific theory as fact, in other words, absolute, is not only intellectually dishonest, and a misunderstanding of the nature of science, but, it serves to promote deceitful dogma.

To use an analogy from Calculus, science is like the limit of a function in that experiments produce theories that become increasingly close to truth, but never quite reach it.

Consider:
lim f(e) = T
e->i
where e=experiment, i=infinity, T=Truth.

Thus, the above equation states that as e approaches i (an infinite number of experiments ) theories become increasingly closer to Truth.

Or, restated, over time, as knowledge of the physical universe increases through continued experimentation. our confidence in theories will strengthen but, they should never be considered as absolute.

So, here's the bottom line, promote scientific discoveries, yes, but never forget the scientific method is not a static, rigid model to uncover natural absolutes, but, a fluid, dynamic method of reasoning for approaching Truth.

Dr. James Watson would do well to remember that in my humble, opinion. I much prefer the comment made by Francis Bacon, "A little science estranges a man from God, a lot of science brings him back."

The Argument from Consciousness

I subscribe to an email newsletter that provides a daily vocabulary word with its meaning and usage. Monday's word was pneuma, a Greek word that means, breath, wind, or spirit. The word resonated with my recent research into the definition and origin of consciousness and lead me to formulate this initial effort into a metaphysical argument for God's existence (before anyone asks, yes, I've read the book, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind by psychologist Julian Jaynes).

Regarding consciousness or, synonymously, self-awareness, science has no compelling theory for its origins. In fact, brain research technologies like Neuroimaging and brain scans, have recently been criticized for inflating correlations between emotions and brain regions, and, while the neocortex may be considered the seat of consciousness, yet, its physical and, even, quantum properties reveal no attribute of consciousness - not even a hint!

In other words, the biological collection of neurons, axons and dendrites that comprise our cognitive structures may provide the mechanisms for consciousness, but they don't produce it.

Yet, mainstream scientists would have us believe that consciousness, somehow, spontaneously arose through natural selection despite no compelling experimental evidence to support it. Hmmm. That smacks of faith, does it not?

And, here's another thing. Human beings are not only conscious and self-aware, we are aware that we are conscious and self-aware. We have a sense of self, an I, a me, Nothing discovered by science explains our self-identity, yet, we all have one. Even attempting to deny it leads to a self-contradiction.

The truth is this: it's not science that discovers and defines consciousness, it's consciousness that discovers and defines science!

So, if science can not explain the origin of consciousness, what does?

Since we're dealing in faith, here, I propose the origin of consciousness and, subsequently, self-awareness results from an energy force we refer to as spirit, or in the Greek - pneuma.

Consider the brain is much like a printed circuit board (or motherboard) in a personal computer. While it contains all the components and circuitry for complex operations, yet, without the flow of electrical energy - the invisible force that energizes and brings "life" to the motherboard - the entire personal computer is no more than a boat anchor; lifeless and devoid of life, incapable of a single operation.

So it is with our brains. Without spirits to energize and utilize the brains circuitry, we are incapable of a single, consciously aware act. The spirit provides the conscious energy that produces self-awareness and self-identity. That's why scientists will never create a self-aware machine. We may create machines that are intelligent, maybe more so than us, but they will never possess consciousness and self-awareness, they will never have self-identities because we, their creator, are incapable of manufacturing spirits.

Only God - the Ultimate Source of Conscious Energy - is able to fabricate, and manufacture new spirits.

The Old Testament book of Genesis puts it like this: God formed and manufactured humans from the natural elements of the Earth. In this, our bodies share with other animals a common natural source. It wasn't until God - the Source of Spirits - breathed/pneuma (Hebrew: nshamah) into humans that we received our spirits and became living souls (see addendum below).

In summary, there's no indication the complex, physical mechanisms that make up our brain can produce a personality like Martin Luther King Jr. or Mother Teresa. In fact, looking at it strictly from a natural perspective, it's seems foolhardy to do expect such. It's only when we allow the existence of a Spirit-Giver that consciousness and self-awareness make rational sense.

I invite your comments and rebuttals.

Addendum. The word soul is often used interchangeably with the word spirit. This hasn't always been the case. In ancient cultures, humans were considered to be composed of three distinct, but intimately connected parts: the physical (body), the soul (emotions, will and intellect) and spirit (life force).

Interestingly, demonic possession is the influence malevolent spirits exert on the soul and body, but not the spirit. This, however, is more properly the topic of another Filosophy Friday.

Fight Truth Decay!

I fear our society is eroding morally and intellectually. Actions are motivated by beliefs and many of us are strongly committed to beliefs that simply don't make sense resulting in harmful actions and attitudes. If we are really serious in this country to stop hate crimes and prejudice, we must be willing to examine our beliefs and discard those that are irrational. We must learn skills to improve our reasoning and to weed out irrational beliefs that could, potentially harm us, our loved ones or others.

But there's a problem....

People rarely examine their beliefs. Beliefs color the way we view the world, form our self-images, deal with tragedies, determine our purpose, and provide the foundation for all our decisions. However, from my experience, people rarely examine their beliefs for reasonableness nor do they understand how and why they maintain their beliefs. Astonishingly, they will vehemently defend these ill-formed beliefs before validating them for reasonableness or corresponding them to reality.

Why? Because....

Humans are not hard-wired for rationality. The reason for this phenomenon lies in the nature of the brain structures in the frontal lobes whose function is to provide explanations regardless of their rationality. Despite the fact that everyone reasons - for it’s a function of the brain - humans are not naturally skilled in valid reasoning. Rather, humans are naturally reactive (consider road rage, for example), possessing adaptation skills necessary for survival and reproduction.

Change is hard because...

Humans reinforce the beliefs they possess. Since our minds are predisposed for survivability, and not rationality, it's easy to fall prey to self-deception. Regardless of their validity, we tend to reinforce the beliefs we have and resisting adopting new ones. As Demosthenes, a 4th century Greek philosopher said, "Nothing is easier than self-deceit. For what each man wishes, that he also believes to be true."

The desire for our wishing thinking to be true can be so strong we unconsciously cement it into our worldview without ever questioning their validity. In short, we will deceive ourselves into believing our desires ARE true. Ironically, it seems our strongest beliefs, the ones we vehemently defend, are those we never question.

Thus, we drift away from truth rather than closer to it, unless we realize...

The introspective application of logic increases rationality and mitigates truth decay. Truth should be our goal - not lies, nonsense and deceptions. Self-deception erodes and decays Truth rather than seeking to preserve it. It leads to racism, bigotry and intolerance. Truth equips us to live life on life's terms, and logic, when properly applied, preserves and increases Truth. Thus, by critically examining and discarding irrational beliefs one mitigates self-deceptions, values others, increases their survivability and moves closer to Truth.

Lack of an introspective application of logic is the reason that otherwise, smart, intelligent people maintain unreasonable beliefs.

What can you do to prevent truth decay?

First, equip yourself. Devote 30 minutes a day learn logic. Arise from bed a half hour early, if necessary - it's well worth it. Find tutorials on the Internet. Better yet, take an online course from an online University or purchase a professionally lead video course.

Second. Apply your skills. As your critical thinking skills grow, identify fallacies in advertisements, radio broadcasts, and the media. I guarantee you'll be amazed at the amount of deception present in your society. Also, work logic puzzles found on the Internet and in magazines.

Third. Validate your beliefs. After becoming skilled in identifying incorrect reasoning, apply your new critical thinking skills to yourself to identify unreasonable and invalid beliefs. Question the source of your beliefs. Become willing to change even your most cherished beliefs. Justify your conclusions and guard against assumptions. Every belief should be examined and justified before it is allowed into your worldview. Don't accept a belief just because you were told to believe it by an authority. Discover for yourself if it has merit. And, certainly, don't accept a belief because its reflects your wishful thinking. That leads to self-deception, guaranteed.

Fourth: Teach. Teach your children well. Make it a game. Tell them a story containing irrational reasoning and offer points for identifying the invalid logic. Play logic games and puzzles with them. Make it a family affair. Make it fun!

Fifth. Become a truth evangelist and join me to encourage others to fight truth decay! Those who are enlightened have a duty to enlighten others and raise everyone's consciousness. Use your powers for good!

Addendum: As an exercise in the sort of illogic encountered in daily life, consider the following statement: all religions lead to God (Religious Relativism). What's wrong with that statement?

It means well, but the problem appears when one reviews the fundamental doctrines of the world's religions which contradict each other. One or more religions would need to discard or compromises fundamental doctrine they believe leads to God. Try reconciling Christianity and, say, Paganism without compromising the doctrine and traditions or one or both. It can't be done.

So, logically, all religions can be wrong, or, one or more of them can be correct, but ALL of them can't be correct since a logical contradiction would result. This is how truth decay begins. Don't be duped by sincere people with good intentions. A deception is still a deception regardless of its sincerity.

Can scientists and intelligent people believe in God?

Recently, an Internet newsgroup posed the questions, "Can a scientist believe in God and, more generally, "Is a high IQ compatible with religious belief?" While the many in the newsgroup believed science and high intelligence are not compatible with a belief in God, Stephen M. Barr believes the answer to both questions is a resounding yes!

Barr is a particle physicist and professor at Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, who specializes in unified field theory, CP violation theories, quark and lepton origins, extra space-time dimensions, and the interface between particle physics and cosmology.

Barr has written an intriguing book entitled, Modern Physics and Ancient Faith in which he proposes that modern physics requires an Observer to actualize the Universe into existence.

How?

The equations in modern physics yield probabilities. Ultimately, probabilities must be actualized to have meaning. As a crude example, the result of a coin toss is 50% heads or tails. Even though the probability of ten heads appearing in, say, twenty tosses can be computed, until someone actually observes the outcome, the result of the coin toss is never actualized - it remains only a possibility.

Similarly, quantum equations can make predictions about particle energy states, but until an observer (a scientist) makes a measurement, atoms, electrons and their constituents exist as as mists or clouds of possibilities simultaneously existing everywhere. Scientists refer to the cloud of possibilities as quantum superposition and the act of actualizing a specific result from the cloud of possibilities as quantum decoherence.

Barr seems to propose the Universe actualized from the result on an initial immaterial Mind.

Perhaps, after reading Barr's book, I'll use the word Observer as the originating quantum decoherent agent that untangled the initial quantum states to produce the macroscopic Universe .

Given Barr's credentials and obvious profession, the answer to the first question is, "Duh. Of course a scientist can believe in God."

But what about the claim that high IQs are incompatible with religious belief? To put it nicely, poppycock!

Dr. Francis Collins the intellectually gifted director of the National Human Genome Research Institute not only believes in God, he is a Christian!

In fact, Collins has also written a book, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief in which he describes his journey from atheist to Christianity. In it, he writes, "...the experience of sequencing the human genome, and uncovering this most remarkable of all texts, was both a stunning scientific achievement and an occasion of worship."

Moreover in an interview with Belief.Net, Collins explains that God is not threatened by our scientific adventures nor is science threatened by God, but, rather, it is enhanced.

Look, we all need to be intellectually honest and admit that belief in God is not the result of blind faith, lack of evidence, or low intelligence and the characterizations of believers given by newsgroup posters, Dawkins, Hitchens and others of their ilk are simply hyperbolic caricatures. Even Richard Feynman, in my mind, one of humanity's greatest scientists, said, "many scientists do believe in both science and God, in a perfectly consistent way"

Belief in God boils down to a choice and for many, intelligent, rational people, belief in God is not only cogent, it is the most rational choice.

The Contradictory Nature of Natural Selection

The philosophy of naturalism and natural selection essentially assert the survival of a species depends on the successful reproduction of organisms that are best suited to their environment. Throughout their academic careers students of science have had this definition drilled into their heads. Rarely, however, do people pause and consider the implications of natural selection. Why? Because, I believe, analytical reasoning is not formerly taught in most degree programs unless one is a philosophy major.

For example, consider natural selection. If true, then our cognitive faculties are the product of evolutionary processes that produce beliefs that help us survive. In other words, our cognitive abilities are selected for their survival value NOT for their truth detecting value.

Therefore, the beliefs we as a species possess have been selected for survival - not for truth!

Here’s the problem: if our cognitive faculties are selected for their survival value, rather than their truth value, then our beliefs about naturalism and natural selection are undermined because they are not the product of truth detecting mechanisms.

Therefore, naturalism, and by extension, natural selection are impossible to affirm. Moreover, our conclusions and assumptions about science and detecting reality must also be suspect since they too were formed using minds selected for survival and not for truth. Thus, the naturalist finds himself in a self-defeating vicious circle.

Even Darwin struggled with this conundrum. “With me, the horrid doubt always arises whether the convictions of man's mind, which has been developed from the mind of the lower animals, are of any value or at all trustworthy. Would any one trust in the convictions of a monkey's mind, if there are any convictions in such a mind?" (Life and Letters 1:315-16).

For the intellectual honest, the bottom line is that naturalism and natural selection, as they are promoted today, are not confirmable. For intellectual integrity, naturalists must doubt the truth value of their own system and admit something other than natural selection made us what we are – beings with minds capable of detecting truth.

Otherwise, naturalists are no different from the religious zealot types they like to characterize as low-brow neanderthals who maintain beliefs unsupported by anything other than the strength of their own will.

Laws of Thought

Logic is the tool of philosophy which forms the foundational assumptions for the scientific method. These assumptions form the “laws of thought" that are essential to science and intuitively known by everyone. They are:

1. Law of identity: An object can not have two identities; a tree is not a telephone pole, a dog is not a cat.

2. Law of non-contradiction: A premise can not be both true and false at the same time.

3. Law of excluded middle: Something is or it is not; God either exists or he does not.

I am a Christian, not because someone told me it was true, but because it is a rational system that describes reality. For a system to be rational, it needs to be coherent. Christianity is certainly coherent even if it's premises are disputed. It offers a consistent description of why the Universe exists, its purpose and destinty.

For proof, I offer not only that which can be empirically validated (using the scientific method), but also that which can be logically inferred (using inductive and deductive reasoning) beyond a reasonable doubt. And, while I don't require a belief to be absolutely certain in order to accept it, still, it must be very close. In order for my faith to develop, it must do so on the rock of rationality.

For example, I may not be absolutely certain about my fate after death, but I am so confident (98%) in my belief in the afterlife that the difference is negligible and faith fills in the rest.

And, proof for me is not so much the positive affirmation of a belief but also how it stands up to negative attacks. Or, put another way, my beliefs are not formed by merely finding positive support for them - that's usually very easy - but, they must also withstand attacks to destroy them. In fact, my experience is that beliefs are made stronger by attempts to refute them (or discarded if they fail to measure up).

In the final analysis, when choosing between competing beliefs, the one that offers the most complete description of reality is most often the one that is more reasonable to believe. It is extremely important to understand there are meaningful aspects of the human experience and significant questions that science is not equipped to directly answer. Therefore, one must look to logic to validate or reject a potential belief.

So, the proofs that convinced me of the rationality for God's existence are not solely based on empirical evidence, but also on logical reasoning based on the “laws of thought.”

What is Logic?

Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning. Author of several books on logic and mathematics, Irving M. Copi wrote, "The distinction between correct and incorrect reasoning is the central problem with which logic deals."

Put more simply, logic is the science of reasoning.

What is reasoning? Reasoning can be defined as a type of thinking in which an inference occurs.

What is an inference? An inference is the process of drawing a conclusion from a one or more propositions which are either true or false.

What is a proposition? A proposition is merely a sentence that is either true or false.

Propositions are grouped to form arguments. An argument is a group of propositions, one leading to the next, that results in a conclusion.

Arguments, then, are structured forms of reasoning.

Arguments can be deductive or inductive. In a deductive argument, the conclusion necessarily follows from the propositions. For example:

All humans are mortal.
Socrates is a human.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Deductive arguments are evaluted as either valid or invalid. This is important to understand because deductive argument can be valid but untrue. For example:

All humans have 3 legs.
Roy is a human.
Therefore, Roy has 3 legs.

The argument above has a valid form but its untrue premises render it invalid.

An inductive argument proceeds from specific observations to a general conclusion. For example:

All cows are mammals and have lungs.
All dogs are mammals and have lungs.
All cats are mammals and have lungs.
Therefore, all mammals (probably) have lungs.

Unlike the deductive argument, in an inductive argument, the propositions provide support for the conclusion, but the conclusion doesn't necessarily follow. Inductive arguments are evaluted as better or worse based on the strength of their propositions.

So, in conjunction with the Laws of Thought, the task of the logician is to:
1. Identify the form of the argument
2. Determine the validity of the deductive argument
3. Evaluate the strength of an inductive argument.

References:
Irving M. Copi, Introduction to Logic, 7th ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1986)
Geisler, Norman L., and Frank Turek, I Don't Have Enough Faith to be an Atheist, Crossway Books, 1300 Crescent St., Wheaton IL 60187, ©2004.

The Cosmological Argument - Part 1

In order to keep these posts small and intellectually digestible I'm going to present the argument and the proof for its first proposition in this post and follow-up with the proof for the subsequent proposition in a later post. This approach will also help to keep the comments tightly focused.

The first argument is called the Cosmological Argument. There are several forms to this argument, but I will offer two of them. The first is has the following form:

Proposition 1: Everything that begins to exist has a cause.
Proposition 2: The universe began to exist.
Conclusion: Therefore, the universe had a cause.

Since argument is deductive, if I can prove both propositions to be true, then the conclusion necessarily follows. To render it invalid, only one of its propositions needs to be falsified.

Proposition 1 is supported by one of the strongest and universally maintained laws in existence; the Law of Causality. It's been expressed in various ways, but simply put it means that for every effect, there is a cause.

Without the Law of Causality, science would nearly be impossible since scientists seek causes in their experiments. Moreover, the law is universal because, while the law can't be proven, everyone intuitively understands that events have causes.

In fact, it's hard to imagine life any other way. Medical doctors search for the causes of diseases; lawyers seek to determine motives (cause) for a crime; software developers seek the causes of misbehaving programs.

But, perhaps most compelling of all, even denying the law proves it truthfulness because one can not deny the law without using the law in the process. For example, if someone were to say, "I deny the Law of Causality", simply ask, "What caused you to draw that conclusion?"

Therefore, since the Law of Causality is unquestionably accepted to be true, the first proposition of the Commological Argument has been proven to be true.

The Cosmological Argument - Part 2

I'm cutting to the chase, as the saying goes, and get right to the point. The comments are available for questions and feedback.

Einstein's General Relativity predicted a expanding universe that has been verified by the Big Bang Theory which postulates the Universe had a beginning. Scientists may argue over the details, but, ultimately, long ago, before time 0, there was no Universe, then suddenly, it sprang into existence.

Some thing caused the event or events that resulted in the Universe - the Universe did not appear on it's own and there's no definitive reason to believe that it did. Moreoever, in 1965 scientists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered cosmic background radiation from the initial Big Bang explosion that confirmed its occurrence. They won a Nobel Prize for their discovery.

Next, in 1989, the NASA Satellite COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) detected primordial "Galactic Seeds" that formed the galaxies of the Universe. From these seeds, the Universe was formed and structured.

Either the Universe began to exist or it has always existed. The evidence provided by Galactic Seeds, the Big Bang, and the Laws of Thermodynamics more than prove the Universe had a beginning.

Are they absolute proof? No, but certainly, they are more experimentally verfiable than the alternative that the Universe had no beginning.

Thus, the weight of the evidence establishes the truth of my second proposition. Since both premises have been shown to be verificably true, it is certainly reasonable to believe the Universe was caused by some thing.

What was that some thing? In the next post, I'll connect that thing with God.

see:
Big Bang Theory
COBE
Galactic Seeds

An Layman's Primer on Thermodynamics

To setup the proof for the second proposition, a brief explanation of three foundational precepts to the study of Cosmology is necessary. These precepts are known as Thermodynamics, or the Laws of Energy, Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, which describes gravity, and a model of the Universe predicted by General Relativity known as the "Big Bang."

These scientific laws and theories will provide the proof for the second proposition of the Cosmological Argument.

We can all agree, I hope, that the Universe is filled with energy. Scientists recognize several forms of energy. Some of the more familiar forms are: chemical, nuclear, electrical, and mechanical. Still, regardless of its form, energy is transfered though heat flow, i.e., when heat is transfered from a warmer place to a cooler place.

Why? Because differences in temperature causes heat to flow. The bigger the difference in temperature, the faster heat flows until a uniform temperature is achieved. When temperatures are the same there is no heat flow and, thus, no change in energy.

The study of energy and its characteristics is described by the science and mathematics of Thermodynamics which posits four "laws". Everything scientists know about the operation of the entire Universe, even at the smallest subatomic level, is described by the flow of energy because nothing occurs without an exchange, or transfer, of energy.

Even at the beginning of the Universe, before time began, energy transfers occurred. One might even say the Universe is the result of, and continues to be, the transfer of energy. That's why some scientists consider Thermodynamics to be the ultimate science.

Through experimentation, scientists can mathematically describe 4 laws that govern energy transfer.

The zero law, so named becaused it was discovered after the first law, states there is no heat flow between objects that are the same temperature. We see this in the operation of thermometers. The temperature of a thermometer stops rising when it reaches the temperature of the object under measurement.

Therefore, energy, as heat, flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.

The next law, the first law, states that energy can not be created or destroyed; it can only be transfered from one form to another. Thus, in any closed system, (like the Universe!!), the amount of energy is constant.

The second law describes the distribution of energy. When energy (or heat) is transfered, it becomes more dispersed, less organized. An unlit candle, for example, contains potential energy that is organized in one place - the candle. When lit, the energy from the candle is released in the form of heat and moves from a hot place - the candle - to a cooler place - the air. After the candle has been extinguished, the amount of energy once tightly organized in the candle as potential energy, has been dispersed into the air.

No new energy has been created or destroyed in the burning of the candle. Rather, the amount of energy contained in the candle medium has been transfered into another medium, the air.

Scientists describe the tendency of energy to become more disorganized as "entropy." The second law states that entropy always increases in a closed systems (like the Universe!!!) and, because the amount of energy is constant (first law), the exact distribution of energy can be calculated.

Theoretically, it's possible for energy in a closed system to remain the same or even be reversed (energy flowing from cooler to hotter) if the temperature of a system is reduced to absolute zero (–273.15 degreess) where all molecular motion ceases.

However, this is practically impossible to achieve as stated by the third law. If it were possible, for entropy to be reversed, cause and effect would be reversed and we'd experience really strange things, like time flowing backwards; broken objects reassembling themselves and cold objects becoming increasingly hotter.

In summary, the Laws regarding energy are:

1. Energy (heat) flows from hotter place to cooler place.
2. There is a fixed amount of energy in the universe.
3. Energy always moves from a state of organization to state of uniform, but disorganized distribution (entropy).
4. There is no known natural way to reverse entropy.

Because of these laws, it is far more reasonable, in my opinion, to believe that cause and effect has always occurred because some cause must have initiated a transfer of energy to cause the Universe to explode into existence. That's why I maintain that - even at 10 to the minus 43 seconds of the Universe's existence - cause and effect still appy.

Moreover, the law of cause and effect will continue until the Universe no longer exists. According to astrophysicists Fred Adams and Gregory Laughlin, unless some inconceivable event that launched the original Big Bang should recur, the universe will eventually decay, leaving a featureless, infinitely large void.

See the following links for additonal information:

What is Thermodynamics
Answers.com
The Engineering Toolbox
Physics4Kids
The Future of the Universe

God as First Cause

Establishing God as the instigator of the Big Bang, and thus, the Universe, requires an inductive approach. The evidence may indicate the Universe had a beginning but not what caused it. And, positing God as the instigator must also address his origin.

In other words, what caused God?

The bottom line is that a thing that exists either:

a. had a beginning and is caused, or
b. has always existed and is uncaused

The inductive approach starts with the conclusion from the Cosmological argument that the Universe had a beginning. However, the cause of the Universe can not be another thing that had a beginning because that would lead to an infinite number of causes.

Therefore, reason requires a First Cause that is uncreated and eternal (exists outside of time). Keep in mind that the Cosmological argument doesn't state “every thing that exists has a cause”, but rather, "everything that begins to exist has a cause”.

Since the First Cause never began to exist, it does not require a cause. Thus, no one created the First Cause - it has always existed. This means the First Cause is:

1. self-existent
2. exists outside of time
3. inconceivably powerful to birth the Universe

Since, these qualities are the same qualities theists attribute to God, therefore, the First Cause is God.